{"id":"cma-133667","titulo":{"en":"Portrait of Philip II, King of Spain, 1644","es":"Retrato de Felipe II, rey de España, 1644"},"titulo_original":"Portrait of Philip II, King of Spain","autor":"Jonas Suyderhoef (Dutch, c. 1613–1686)","fecha":"1644","cultura":"Netherlands","tecnica":"engraving","fuente":"Cleveland Museum of Art","licencia":"CC0-1.0","licencia_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","credito":"Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of The Print Club of Cleveland","url_original":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1956.285","imagen_url":"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1956.285/1956.285_web.jpg","ficha":{"en":{"titulo":"Portrait of Philip II, King of Spain, 1644","se_ve":"A vertical black-and-white engraving with a bust portrait inside a large central oval, surrounded by an extraordinarily dense ornamental frame. The man, shown from the chest up and turned slightly to one side, looks out toward the viewer with a serious, weary expression. He wears a tall, dark, ribbed hat with a small jewel on the side, a white ruff with scalloped edges around his neck, and a dark garment with visible buttons and a fine chain from which a small pendant hangs. He has a short beard and moustache, streaked with grey, deep lines on his forehead, and heavy eyelids. The background inside the oval is a fine cross-hatched grey that makes the face stand out. Around it, a laurel wreath tied with ribbons is covered by garlands of grapes, pears, melons, leaves, flowers, and ribbons that spill down both sides with almost sculptural volume. At the bottom, a cartouche with Latin text is flanked by two small nude putti sitting among draperies, and above the text there is a tiny cherub's head with wings. The whole image is built from thousands of fine, dense lines that create shadows, textures, and shine without any colour.","contexto":"According to the source, this is *Portrait of Philip II, King of Spain*, an engraving made in 1644 by the Dutch printmaker Jonas Suyderhoef (c. 1613–1686), now in the Cleveland Museum of Art. Philip II (1527–1598) ruled Spain from 1556 and governed a vast empire that included territories in Europe and the Americas, which the Latin inscription at the bottom emphasizes. The print was made decades after his death, so it is probably not a portrait from life, but one based on earlier images. The source does not state which model it follows.","como_mirarla":"Start with the eyes and the tall hat, which give the king his severity, then move outward to the wreath and fruit garlands that celebrate him. Finally, read the cartouche at the bottom and look for the two small putti: their playfulness softens an otherwise rigid image of power.","dato_curioso":"Philip II died in 1598, 46 years before this engraving was made in 1644: it is a posthumous portrait, created from the memory of earlier images rather than from a sitting with the king.","preguntas":["What effect does it have that a Dutch artist portrayed the Spanish king decades after his death, at a time when the Netherlands had fought for independence from Spain?","Why surround such an austere king with so much fruit, leaves, and putti?","Does this frame celebrate Philip II, or does its excess end up overwhelming him?"]},"es":{"titulo":"Retrato de Felipe II, rey de España, 1644","se_ve":"Grabado vertical en blanco y negro, con un retrato de busto dentro de un gran óvalo central, rodeado por un marco ornamental extraordinariamente denso. El hombre, de pecho hacia arriba y girado levemente de lado, mira hacia quien lo observa con expresión seria y cansada. Lleva un sombrero alto, oscuro y de textura acanalada, con una pequeña joya en un costado, una gola blanca de bordes ondulados alrededor del cuello y una prenda oscura con botones visibles y una cadena fina de la que cuelga un dije pequeño. Tiene barba y bigote cortos, con canas, arrugas marcadas en la frente y párpados pesados. El fondo dentro del óvalo es un gris hecho con tramas cruzadas muy finas que hace resaltar el rostro. Alrededor, una corona de laurel atada con listones queda cubierta por guirnaldas de uvas, peras, melones, hojas, flores y moños que caen por ambos lados con un volumen casi escultórico. Abajo, una cartela con texto en latín está flanqueada por dos pequeños putti desnudos sentados entre telas, y sobre el texto hay una cabecita alada de querubín. Toda la imagen está hecha con miles de líneas finas y densas que crean sombras, texturas y brillos sin usar color.","contexto":"Según la fuente, esta obra es *Retrato de Felipe II, rey de España*, un grabado de 1644 del grabador neerlandés Jonas Suyderhoef (c. 1613–1686), conservado en el Cleveland Museum of Art. Felipe II (1527–1598) reinó en España desde 1556 y gobernó un imperio enorme, con territorios en Europa y América, como subraya la inscripción en latín de la parte inferior. El grabado se hizo décadas después de su muerte, así que probablemente no es un retrato del natural, sino basado en imágenes anteriores. La fuente no indica qué modelo sigue.","como_mirarla":"Empieza por la mirada y el sombrero alto, que le dan severidad al rey, y luego sal hacia la guirnalda y las frutas que lo celebran. Al final lee la cartela inferior y busca a los dos putti: su juego suaviza una imagen de poder por lo demás rígida.","dato_curioso":"Felipe II murió en 1598, 46 años antes de que se hiciera este grabado en 1644: es un retrato póstumo, construido desde la memoria de imágenes anteriores y no desde una sesión con el rey.","preguntas":["¿Qué efecto tiene que un artista neerlandés retratara al rey de España décadas después de su muerte, cuando los Países Bajos habían luchado por independizarse de España?","¿Por qué rodear a un rey tan austero con tantas frutas, hojas y putti?","¿Este marco celebra a Felipe II o su exceso termina por aplastarlo?"]}},"etiquetas":{"en":["portrait","engraving","philip ii","spanish monarchy","17th century","dutch printmaking","laurel wreath","baroque ornament","posthumous portrait","power","austerity","putti"],"es":["retrato","grabado","felipe ii","monarquía española","siglo xvii","estampa neerlandesa","corona de laurel","ornamento barroco","retrato póstumo","poder","austeridad","putti"]},"objetos":["óvalo","guirnalda de frutas","corona de laurel","sombrero alto","gola","cartela con texto en latín","putti","sombrero","inscripción latina","querubín alado","cadena con dije","grabado en blanco y negro"],"colores":["#1c1c1c","#f4efe3","#8d877c","#3f3f3f","#cac2b0"],"animo":["solemne, austero y poderoso"],"epoca":"1644","certeza":"alta","advertencias":[],"capa":{"voces":[{"guia":"la restauradora","en":"If you look closely, everything is made with very fine black lines that build shadows and highlights without any color, only black and white. I love how the engraver created the texture of the ridged tall hat and the wavy-edged white ruff using tiny crosshatching. The tired face stands out against the gray background inside the oval, and around it everything feels excessive, with fruits like grapes, pears and melons that seem to pop out from the paper because of their strong volume.","es":"Si te acercas, verás que todo está hecho con rayitas negras muy finitas que forman sombras y brillos sin usar ningún color, solo blanco y negro. Me fascina cómo el grabador logró la textura del sombrero acanalado y de la gola blanca con bordes ondulados usando tramas cruzadas. El rostro cansado resalta contra el fondo gris del óvalo, y alrededor todo es exagerado, con frutas como uvas, peras y melones que parecen saltar del papel por su volumen."},{"guia":"el astrónomo aficionado","en":"This is like observing through a telescope, first you see the bright center and then the surroundings. In the central oval you find the bust turned slightly to the side, looking toward us, with a short graying beard and heavy eyelids. The hatched background works like a gray sky that makes the lit face stand out. And around it, like an orbit, there is a laurel wreath covered by garlands loaded with fruits, leaves, flowers and bows hanging down on both sides.","es":"Esto es como observar con telescopio, primero ves el centro brillante y luego el entorno. En el óvalo central aparece el busto girado levemente de lado, mirando hacia nosotros, con barba corta con canas y párpados pesados. El fondo tramado funciona como un cielo gris que hace que el rostro iluminado destaque. Y alrededor, como una órbita, hay una corona de laurel cubierta por guirnaldas cargadas de frutas, hojas, flores y moños que caen a ambos lados."},{"guia":"la niña de ocho años","en":"The man inside the oval looks serious and a bit tired, with a tall dark hat and a white ruff like a lettuce around his neck. He wears a thin chain with a tiny pendant and buttons on his clothes. What I like most is everything around him, it looks like a fruit party, there are grapes, pears and melons with leaves and huge bows. Below there are two naked babies sitting next to some strange letters and above the letters there is a little head with wings.","es":"El señor del óvalo se ve serio y un poco cansado, con sombrero alto oscuro y una gola blanca como una lechuga alrededor del cuello. Tiene una cadenita con un dije chiquito y botones en su ropa. Lo que más me gusta es todo lo de alrededor, parece una fiesta de frutas, hay uvas, peras y melones con hojas y moños gigantes. Abajo hay dos bebés sin ropa sentados junto a unas letras raras y arriba de las letras hay una cabecita con alitas."}],"retos":[{"pregunta":{"en":"What white wavy garment does the king wear around his neck?","es":"¿Qué prenda blanca y ondulada lleva el rey alrededor del cuello?"},"pista":{"en":"It is white, with wavy edges, and sits right below his beard.","es":"Es blanca, con bordes ondulados, y está justo debajo de su barba."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"How many naked putti are seated on the sides of the cartouche with Latin text at the bottom?","es":"¿Cuántos putti desnudos están sentados a los lados de la cartela con texto en latín en la parte de abajo?"},"pista":{"en":"Look at the bottom, on both sides of the text, they are two small figures without clothes.","es":"Mira abajo, a ambos lados del texto, son dos figuras pequeñas y sin ropa."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"What small shiny object hangs from the thin chain the king wears over his dark clothing?","es":"¿Qué objeto pequeño y brillante cuelga de la cadena fina que lleva el rey sobre su ropa oscura?"},"pista":{"en":"It is very tiny and hangs from a little chain over the buttons.","es":"Es muy chiquito y cuelga de una cadenita sobre los botones."}}],"conexiones":["retrato en óvalo","grabado en blanco y negro con tramas cruzadas","ornamento barroco con guirnaldas de frutas","símbolos de poder y monarquía","moda del siglo xvii con gola y sombrero alto","retrato póstumo basado en modelos anteriores","putti y querubín alado en estampas neerlandesas"]},"salas":[],"escrita_por":"muse-wonder-1.0"}