{"id":"cma-146684","titulo":{"en":"St. Jerome in Penitence — Ferdinand Bol, 1644","es":"San Jerónimo penitente — Ferdinand Bol, 1644"},"titulo_original":"St. Jerome in Penitence","autor":"Ferdinand Bol (Dutch, 1616–1680)","fecha":"1644","cultura":"Netherlands","tecnica":"etching and drypoint with granular bitten tone","fuente":"Cleveland Museum of Art","licencia":"CC0-1.0","licencia_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","credito":"Cleveland Museum of Art, Dudley P. Allen Fund","url_original":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1972.136","imagen_url":"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1972.136/1972.136_web.jpg","ficha":{"en":{"titulo":"St. Jerome in Penitence — Ferdinand Bol, 1644","se_ve":"The image is a black-and-white print in vertical format, with a semicircular top edge like a window or vaulted niche. On the right, in the foreground, a very thin old man sits in profile on a rock covered by a heavy cloth. He is semi-nude: his bare torso shows ribs and loose skin, and fabric covers only part of his hips. His bald head is bowed, his eyes lowered, his beard long and curly, and between his hands, resting on his knees, he holds a small wooden cross. His long, bony legs stretch to the left and end in large bare feet with clearly marked toes. Behind him, the rocky wall receives a diffuse light that forms a halo around his body. Above, on the right, hang a wide-brimmed hat with a small cross, a rosary, and a double gourd for water. On the left, in shadow, opens the black, oval mouth of a cave. Below, among plants, rests a lion with a curly mane, looking toward the saint. Vines with pale leaves fall from above. Everything is made with thousands of cross-hatched lines, dots, and grainy marks: the dark areas are rough and deep, the lit areas almost white like aged paper.","contexto":"According to the source, this is *St. Jerome in Penitence* (1644), a print by Dutch artist Ferdinand Bol (1616–1680), made with etching and drypoint with granular bitten tone, and held by the Cleveland Museum of Art. Bol was a pupil of Rembrandt, whose influence is visible here in the strong contrast between light and darkness. St. Jerome, a scholar monk and hermit, was often depicted doing penance in the wilderness. The lion at his feet is his traditional attribute, linked to the legend that he removed a thorn from its paw. The exact place shown is not known; the cave is probably an imagined hermitage.","como_mirarla":"Start with the old man's illuminated body and follow his long legs toward the lion in shadow. Then look up to the hat, rosary, and gourd hanging on the wall: those small objects tell his story without words. Notice how the pitch-black cave sits directly behind his fragile figure.","dato_curioso":"Verifiable fact: the lion beside Jerome is not a threat, but a reminder of the medieval legend in which the saint removed a thorn from its paw and the animal stayed with him in gratitude.","preguntas":["How does Jerome's frail body change the way we understand spiritual strength?","What role does the lion play: companion, witness, or symbol of tamed nature?","Why do you think the artist left the cave completely black, with nothing visible inside?"]},"es":{"titulo":"San Jerónimo penitente — Ferdinand Bol, 1644","se_ve":"La imagen es un grabado en blanco y negro, de formato vertical y borde superior semicircular, como una ventana o nicho abovedado. A la derecha, en primer plano, un anciano muy delgado está sentado de perfil sobre una roca cubierta por un manto pesado. Está semidesnudo: el torso descubierto muestra costillas y piel flácida, y solo una tela le cubre parte de la cadera. Tiene la cabeza calva e inclinada, ojos bajos, barba larga y rizada, y sostiene entre las manos, apoyadas en las rodillas, una pequeña cruz de palo. Sus piernas largas y huesudas se estiran hacia la izquierda y terminan en pies descalzos, grandes, con dedos marcados. Detrás de él, la pared rocosa recibe una luz difusa que forma un halo alrededor de su cuerpo. Arriba a la derecha cuelgan un sombrero de ala ancha con una cruz pequeña, un rosario y una calabaza doble para agua. A la izquierda, en sombra, se abre la boca negra y ovalada de una cueva. Abajo, entre plantas, descansa un león de melena rizada que mira hacia el santo. Enredaderas con hojas claras caen desde lo alto. Todo está hecho con miles de líneas cruzadas, puntos y manchas granulosas: lo oscuro es rugoso y profundo, lo iluminado, casi blanco como papel envejecido.","contexto":"Según los datos de la fuente, esta obra es *St. Jerome in Penitence* (1644), un grabado del artista neerlandés Ferdinand Bol (1616–1680), realizado con aguafuerte y punta seca con tono granulado mordido, conservado en el Cleveland Museum of Art. Bol fue alumno de Rembrandt, y su influencia se nota en el fuerte contraste entre luz y oscuridad. San Jerónimo, monje erudito y ermitaño, fue representado con frecuencia haciendo penitencia en el desierto. El león a sus pies es su atributo tradicional, vinculado a la leyenda de que le quitó una espina de la pata. No se sabe el lugar exacto representado; la cueva probablemente es un refugio imaginado.","como_mirarla":"Empieza por el cuerpo iluminado del anciano y sigue sus piernas largas hasta el león en sombra. Después sube la vista al sombrero, el rosario y la calabaza colgados en la pared: esos objetos pequeños cuentan su historia sin palabras. Fíjate en cómo la cueva, totalmente negra, queda justo detrás de su figura frágil.","dato_curioso":"Dato verificable: el león junto a Jerónimo no es una amenaza, sino el recuerdo de la leyenda medieval en la que el santo le quitó una espina de la pata y el animal se quedó con él en agradecimiento.","preguntas":["¿Cómo cambia nuestra idea de la fuerza espiritual al ver el cuerpo frágil de Jerónimo?","¿Qué papel cumple el león: compañero, testigo o símbolo de la naturaleza dominada?","¿Por qué crees que el artista dejó la cueva totalmente negra, sin nada visible adentro?"]}},"etiquetas":{"en":["saint jerome","penitence","etching","drypoint","baroque","netherlands","hermit","lion","cave","old age","solitude","chiaroscuro"],"es":["san jerónimo","penitencia","aguafuerte","punta seca","barroco","países bajos","ermitaño","león","cueva","vejez","soledad","claroscuro"]},"objetos":["San Jerónimo anciano y semidesnudo","cruz pequeña de madera","león recostado","cueva oscura","sombrero colgado","rosario","calabaza para agua","enredaderas","roca","manto"],"colores":["#E9E1CD","#2B2620","#6B5D4A","#A79B83","#8C7E67"],"animo":["soledad serena y austera"],"epoca":"1644","certeza":"alta","advertencias":["semidesnudez religiosa no sexual"],"capa":{"voces":[{"guia":"la restauradora","en":"I focus on how this print is made. Bol used etching and drypoint with bitten granular tone, and you can see it in those thousands of crosshatched lines, dots and rough speckles. The dark areas feel deep and gritty, the lit ones stay almost like aged paper. That soft halo around the body is not accidental: it is light scraped with great control. All of this supports the light-dark contrast learned from Rembrandt and makes the rock, the cloak and the skin feel different to the visual touch.","es":"Me detengo en cómo está hecho este grabado. Bol usó aguafuerte y punta seca con tono granulado mordido, y se nota en esas miles de líneas cruzadas, puntos y manchas rugosas. Lo oscuro es profundo y rasposo, lo iluminado queda casi como papel envejecido. El halo difuso alrededor del cuerpo no es casual: es luz raspada con mucho control. Todo eso sostiene el claroscuro aprendido de Rembrandt y hace que la roca, el manto y la piel se sientan distintos al tacto visual."},{"guia":"el astrónomo aficionado","en":"I see Saint Jerome as someone under his own night sky. The cave on the left is a black mouth, a void with no stars, while on the right the rocky wall lights up and forms a halo around his hunched figure. That arched window frames the scene like an observatory. The hanging objects —the hat, the rosary and the gourd for water— look like domestic constellations. And below the lion, still among plants, is his faithful companion in this chosen night of solitude.","es":"Veo a San Jerónimo como alguien bajo su propio cielo nocturno. La cueva a la izquierda es una boca negra, un vacío sin estrellas, mientras a la derecha la pared rocosa se ilumina y forma un halo alrededor de su figura encorvada. Esa ventana abovedada enmarca la escena como un observatorio. Los objetos colgados —el sombrero, el rosario y la calabaza para agua— parecen constelaciones domésticas. Y abajo el león, quieto entre plantas, es su compañero fiel en esta noche de soledad elegida."},{"guia":"la niña de ocho años","en":"The man looks very skinny and old, sitting on a rock with a blanket. He has no shirt and you can see his ribs, with a long curly beard. He holds a tiny wooden cross between his hands and his bare feet are huge. Up above they hung his hat, a beaded necklace and a gourd for drinking water. On one side there is a dark cave that feels a bit scary, but below there is a lion with a curly mane lying down, watching over him and not looking mean at all.","es":"El señor se ve muy flaquito y viejito, sentado en una piedra con una cobija. Está sin camisa y se le notan las costillas, con una barba larga y rizada. Tiene una crucita de palo entre las manos y sus pies descalzos son enormes. Arriba colgaron su sombrero, un collar de bolitas y una calabaza para tomar agua. A un lado hay una cueva oscura que da un poco de miedo, pero abajo hay un león con melena rizada acostado que lo cuida y no se ve bravo."}],"retos":[{"pregunta":{"en":"What curly-maned animal rests among plants below, looking toward the saint?","es":"¿Qué animal de melena rizada descansa entre plantas abajo, mirando al santo?"},"pista":{"en":"It is lying near the old man's big feet, not roaring.","es":"Está recostado cerca de los pies grandes del anciano, no ruge."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"How many objects hang on the rocky wall at the upper right?","es":"¿Cuántos objetos cuelgan en la pared rocosa arriba a la derecha?"},"pista":{"en":"Count the wide-brimmed hat, the rosary and the double gourd.","es":"Cuenta el sombrero de ala ancha, el rosario y la calabaza doble."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"What does the old man hold between his hands resting on his knees?","es":"¿Qué sostiene el anciano entre las manos apoyadas en las rodillas?"},"pista":{"en":"It is a tiny wooden cross he grips with both hands while sitting in profile.","es":"Es una crucita de palo que aprieta con ambas manos mientras está sentado de perfil."}}],"conexiones":["penitencia y soledad elegida","vejez y fragilidad del cuerpo","claroscuro barroco","el león como atributo del santo","la cueva como refugio imaginado","objetos del ermitaño colgados","la cruz pequeña como foco de meditación","formato vertical abovedado tipo nicho"]},"salas":[],"escrita_por":"muse-wonder-1.0"}