{"id":"cma-150055","titulo":{"en":"Self-Portrait, c. 1872–74 — Armand Guillaumin","es":"Autorretrato, c. 1872–74 — Armand Guillaumin"},"titulo_original":"Self-Portrait","autor":"Armand Guillaumin (French, 1841–1927)","fecha":"c. 1872–74","cultura":"France, 19th century","tecnica":"oil on canvas","fuente":"Cleveland Museum of Art","licencia":"CC0-1.0","licencia_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","credito":"Cleveland Museum of Art, Bequest of Noah L. Butkin","url_original":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1980.266","imagen_url":"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1980.266/1980.266_web.jpg","ficha":{"en":{"titulo":"Self-Portrait, c. 1872–74 — Armand Guillaumin","se_ve":"Bust portrait of a middle-aged man in three-quarter view, turned slightly to the right while gazing directly at the viewer. He fills most of the frame, shoulders cropped, head centered in the upper half. His hair is dark, thick and curly, voluminous on top with locks falling over the forehead and ears; a full, dense beard connects to the sideburns. He wears a dark, nearly black coat or jacket, with only a small white edge of a shirt collar visible at the back of the neck. Brushwork is visible and impastoed, especially on the forehead and cheeks where warm pinkish and yellowish highlights sit over an ochre base. The background is flat, muted gray-green and featureless, with subtle tonal shifts and fine craquelure. Light comes from the left of the painting, illuminating the forehead, bridge of the nose and cheekbone, while the right side of the face remains in soft shadow. The eyes are dark and sunken, the brow slightly furrowed, the mouth closed and tense. A small handwritten signature in reddish paint appears in the lower right corner against the dark ground.","contexto":"Oil on canvas self-portrait by Armand Guillaumin (French, 1841–1927), dated c. 1872–74, from 19th-century France, held by the Cleveland Museum of Art. According to the museum, the muted dark palette and somber gaze convey the artist's anxieties in the early 1870s, when he worked full-time for the French railways and painted in spare hours after facing rejection from the official Paris Salon. Guillaumin was a close friend of Paul Cézanne, Camille Pissarro and Vincent van Gogh and took part in six of the eight Impressionist exhibitions; this work shows him on the cusp of establishing his career.","como_mirarla":"Begin with the eyes and furrowed brow, where the portrait's tension concentrates. Then follow the light across the forehead and the thick, broken brushstrokes that model the skin. Finally notice the empty background and how the dark hair merges into the coat, leaving the illuminated face suspended.","dato_curioso":"Though less famous today than his friends Cézanne or Pissarro, Guillaumin was one of the few artists to exhibit in six of the eight historic Impressionist exhibitions held between 1874 and 1886.","preguntas":["What does the contrast between his direct stare and restrained mouth convey to you?","How would your reading change if the same face were placed against a bright, colorful background?","What might it mean that the artist chose such dark, restrained tones for a self-portrait made during job insecurity?"]},"es":{"titulo":"Autorretrato, c. 1872–74 — Armand Guillaumin","se_ve":"Busto de un hombre de mediana edad visto de tres cuartos, girado ligeramente hacia la derecha pero con la mirada fija al espectador. Ocupa casi todo el encuadre, con los hombros cortados y la cabeza centrada en la mitad superior. Su cabello es oscuro, abundante y rizado, con volumen en la coronilla y mechones que caen sobre la frente y las orejas; la barba es espesa, cerrada y conecta con las patillas. Viste una chaqueta o abrigo oscuro, casi negro, con apenas un filo blanco del cuello de la camisa visible en la nuca. La pincelada es visible y pastosa, especialmente en la frente y las mejillas, donde la luz deja empastes rosados y amarillentos sobre una base ocre. El fondo es plano, gris verdoso y sin detalles, con variaciones sutiles de tono y craquelado fino. La luz viene de la izquierda del cuadro e ilumina la frente, el puente de la nariz y el pómulo, dejando el lado derecho del rostro en sombra suave. Los ojos son oscuros y profundos, el ceño levemente fruncido y la boca entrecerrada. La firma en rojo, pequeña y manuscrita, aparece en la esquina inferior derecha sobre el fondo oscuro.","contexto":"Autorretrato al óleo sobre lienzo de Armand Guillaumin (francés, 1841–1927), fechado hacia 1872–74, perteneciente a la Francia del siglo XIX y conservado en el Cleveland Museum of Art. Según la fuente, los tonos oscuros y apagados y la mirada sombría reflejan las ansiedades del artista a principios de la década de 1870, cuando trabajaba a tiempo completo para el sistema ferroviario francés y pintaba en horas libres, tras sufrir rechazos del Salón oficial de París. Guillaumin fue cercano a Paul Cézanne, Camille Pissarro y Vincent van Gogh y participó en seis de las ocho exposiciones impresionistas, este retrato lo muestra en el momento previo a consolidar su carrera.","como_mirarla":"Empieza por los ojos y el ceño: sostienen toda la tensión del retrato. Luego recorre la luz sobre la frente y el modelado pastoso de la piel para sentir el volumen. Fíjate al final en el fondo vacío y en cómo el cabello oscuro se funde con la chaqueta, haciendo que el rostro flote.","dato_curioso":"Aunque hoy es menos conocido que sus amigos Cézanne o Pissarro, Guillaumin fue uno de los pocos artistas que expuso en seis de las ocho exposiciones impresionistas históricas entre 1874 y 1886.","preguntas":["¿Qué te transmite el contraste entre la mirada directa y la boca contenida?","¿Cómo cambia la percepción del personaje si imaginas el mismo rostro con un fondo luminoso y colorido?","¿Qué sugiere el hecho de que el artista se pinte a sí mismo en tonos tan oscuros en un momento de inestabilidad laboral?"]}},"etiquetas":{"en":["self-portrait","impressionism","19th century","oil on canvas","male portrait","beard","introspective gaze","dark palette","visible brushwork","france"],"es":["autorretrato","impresionismo","siglo xix","óleo sobre lienzo","retrato masculino","barba","mirada introspectiva","paleta oscura","pincelada visible","francia"]},"objetos":["hombre","rostro","barba","cabello rizado","chaqueta oscura","fondo neutro","firma"],"colores":["#2b2a27","#4a4e4a","#c9b090","#b07a5a","#1a1817","#8a7f6d"],"animo":["introspectivo","melancólico","contenido"],"epoca":"c. 1872–74 (siglo XIX)","certeza":"alta","advertencias":[],"capa":{"voces":[{"guia":"la restauradora","en":"If you step closer you will see what moves me most: the materiality. The brushwork is thick and visible on the forehead and cheeks, with pinkish and yellowish touches over an ochre base that build the light coming from the left. The greenish gray background looks flat but shows a fine pattern of craquelure that speaks of time passing over the oil paint. I love the small red signature at the bottom right, discreet against the dark, like a quiet whisper from the artist.","es":"Si te acercas verás lo que más me emociona: la materia. La pincelada es pastosa y visible en frente y mejillas, con toques rosados y amarillentos sobre la base ocre que construyen la luz que entra por la izquierda. El fondo gris verdoso es plano pero deja ver un craquelado fino que habla del paso del tiempo sobre el óleo. Me detiene la firma pequeña en rojo abajo a la derecha, discreta sobre lo oscuro, como un susurro del autor."},{"guia":"el astrónomo aficionado","en":"This portrait draws me in as a study of light and shadow. The illumination comes from the left and sculpts the forehead, the bridge of the nose and the cheekbone, leaving the right half of the face in soft half-shadow, like a last quarter moon. The flat greenish gray background with no details works like a cloudy sky that makes the constellation of the face stand out. That steady gaze and slightly furrowed brow make me think of someone watching the horizon patiently, waiting for his moment.","es":"Me atrae este retrato porque parece un estudio de luz y sombra. La iluminación viene de la izquierda y modela la frente, el puente de la nariz y el pómulo, dejando la mitad derecha del rostro en penumbra suave, como una luna en cuarto menguante. El fondo gris verdoso sin detalles funciona como un cielo nublado que hace resaltar la constelación del rostro. Esa mirada fija y el ceño levemente fruncido me hacen pensar en alguien que observa el horizonte con paciencia, esperando su momento."},{"guia":"la niña de ocho años","en":"This man looks at me very seriously and he does not seem to want to smile. He has curly and puffy hair like a dark cloud and a very bushy beard that covers almost his whole face. His jacket is black and you can only see a tiny white bit of his shirt at the collar. I like to count the colors on his face, pink and yellow over light brown, as if he were painted with modeling clay. If you look at the bottom right you will find his tiny red signature hiding there.","es":"Este señor me mira muy serio y parece que no quiere sonreír. Tiene el pelo rizado y esponjado como una nube oscura y una barba muy tupida que le tapa casi toda la cara. Su saco es negro y solo se ve un pedacito blanco de su camisa en el cuello. Me gusta contar los colores de su cara, rosita y amarillo sobre café claro, como si lo hubieran pintado con plastilina. Si buscas abajo a la derecha vas a encontrar su firma chiquita de color rojo escondida."}],"retos":[{"pregunta":{"en":"What color is the handwritten signature that appears in the lower right corner of the portrait?","es":"¿De qué color es la firma manuscrita que aparece en la esquina inferior derecha del retrato?"},"pista":{"en":"Look for a small mark over the dark background, near the edge.","es":"Busca una marca pequeña sobre el fondo oscuro, cerca del borde."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"What dark garment is the man wearing and what light detail peeks out at the back of the neck?","es":"¿Qué prenda oscura viste el hombre y qué detalle claro se asoma en la nuca?"},"pista":{"en":"Look at his shoulders cut by the framing and the edge of the collar.","es":"Mira sus hombros cortados por el encuadre y el borde del cuello."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"From which side does the light that illuminates his face come and which part does it leave in soft shadow?","es":"¿De dónde viene la luz que ilumina su rostro y qué parte deja en sombra suave?"},"pista":{"en":"Notice the shine on the forehead and cheekbone and compare it with the other side of the face.","es":"Observa el brillo en la frente y el pómulo y compara con el otro lado de la cara."}}],"conexiones":["autorretrato y construcción de identidad","impresionismo y exposiciones independientes en París","trabajo ferroviario y doble vida del artista","luz y sombra en el rostro","pincelada visible y empaste","paleta oscura y estado emocional","rechazo del Salón oficial y nuevos circuitos del arte","firma discreta como huella personal"]},"salas":["barbas-y-bigotes"],"escrita_por":"muse-spark-open-1026"}