{"id":"cma-97728","titulo":{"en":"Death Mask of Napoleon","es":"Máscara mortuoria de Napoleón"},"titulo_original":"Mask of Napoleon","autor":"C. Francesco Antommarchi (Italian, 1780–1838)","fecha":"early 19th century","cultura":"Italy, 19th century","tecnica":"bronze","fuente":"Cleveland Museum of Art","licencia":"CC0-1.0","licencia_url":"https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/","credito":"Cleveland Museum of Art, Gift of Loïe Fuller","url_original":"https://clevelandart.org/art/1917.370","imagen_url":"https://openaccess-cdn.clevelandart.org/1917.370/1917.370_web.jpg","ficha":{"en":{"titulo":"Death Mask of Napoleon","se_ve":"The work is a human male face in dark bronze centered vertically against a soft gradient background from medium gray to black. It shows the head and upper neck of a bald, middle-aged man with eyes closed and lips slightly parted, in final repose. The metal surface is polished yet uneven, with warm highlights on the forehead, bridge of the nose, cheekbones and chin where a soft frontal light strikes, and deep shadows pooling in the eye sockets, beneath the lower lip and along the sides of the neck. Fine wrinkles around the eyes, subtle pores, and the slightly rough, hand-cast texture at the edges — especially near the ears and under the neck where the bronze thickens into a cut, collar-like rim — are clearly visible. The neck is truncated, ending in a rounded lower band that recalls the original mold. There is no pedestal or ornament; the mask appears to float at near life-size, conveying weight, stillness and solemnity. The overall palette is monochrome brown, with light defining volume and age.","contexto":"According to source data, this is the Mask of Napoleon attributed to C. Francesco Antommarchi (Italian, 1780–1838), dated to the early 19th century, made of bronze and classified as Sculpture in the Modern European Painting and Sculpture department of the Cleveland Museum of Art, a Gift of Loïe Fuller. Antommarchi served as physician to Napoleon Bonaparte during his exile on Saint Helena and is traditionally associated with taking the cast of the emperor’s face after his death in 1821, from which many plaster and bronze copies were later produced. The original source description provides no further details, so the exact casting date of this version cannot be determined from the available information.","como_mirarla":"Start with the closed eyes and the highlight on the forehead, then move slowly down the nose to the mouth to sense the lingering tension. Notice the irregular edge at the neck and the small casting blemishes in the bronze: they reveal this as a life — or death — cast rather than an idealized portrait.","dato_curioso":"Death masks like this were commonly made in the 19th century to preserve the likeness of famous figures and were reproduced widely; dozens of copies of Napoleon’s mask exist in collections worldwide, and their authenticity has long been debated.","preguntas":["How does knowing this face was molded after death, rather than sculpted from life, change its meaning?","How does the dark, reflective bronze affect the sense of presence or absence?","Why would a society want to preserve and reproduce the face of its leaders after they die?"]},"es":{"titulo":"Máscara mortuoria de Napoleón","se_ve":"La pieza es un rostro humano masculino en bronce oscuro suspendido sobre un fondo degradado de gris medio a negro. Ocupa el centro vertical de la imagen, visto de frente. Representa la cabeza y la parte superior del cuello de un hombre calvo, de mediana edad, con los ojos cerrados y la boca entreabierta, en actitud de reposo definitivo. La superficie del metal es pulida pero irregular, con brillos cálidos en la frente, la nariz, los pómulos y la barbilla donde incide la luz frontal suave, y sombras profundas en las cuencas oculares, bajo el labio inferior y en los pliegues laterales. Se perciben arrugas finas alrededor de los ojos, poros, y la textura ligeramente rugosa del vaciado en los bordes, especialmente junto a las orejas y bajo el cuello, donde el bronce se engrosa y forma un borde recortado. El cuello aparece truncado, con un anillo inferior que sugiere el molde original. No hay pedestal ni ornamento; la máscara flota, a escala casi natural, transmitiendo peso y solemnidad.","contexto":"Según los datos de la fuente, se trata de la Máscara de Napoleón atribuida a C. Francesco Antommarchi (italiano, 1780–1838), fechada a principios del siglo XIX, realizada en bronce y clasificada como escultura dentro de la colección de Pintura y Escultura Europea Moderna del Cleveland Museum of Art, ingresada como donación de Loïe Fuller. Antommarchi fue médico de Napoleón Bonaparte en su exilio en Santa Elena y tradicionalmente se le vincula con la obtención del molde del rostro tras la muerte del emperador en 1821, de la que derivaron múltiples copias en yeso y bronce. La descripción original de la fuente no aporta detalles adicionales, por lo que no se puede precisar la fecha exacta de fundición de esta versión.","como_mirarla":"Empieza por los ojos cerrados y la luz sobre la frente, luego baja lentamente hacia la nariz y la boca para notar la tensión aún presente. Observa el borde irregular del cuello y las pequeñas imperfecciones del bronce: ahí se revela que no es un retrato idealizado sino un vaciado tomado del natural.","dato_curioso":"Las máscaras mortuorias como esta se usaban en el siglo XIX para preservar el rostro de figuras célebres y se reproducían en serie; existen decenas de copias de la máscara de Napoleón en museos del mundo, y su autenticidad ha sido objeto de debate histórico.","preguntas":["¿Qué cambia al saber que este rostro fue moldeado después de la muerte y no esculpido del natural?","¿Cómo influye el material —un bronce oscuro y brillante— en la sensación de presencia o ausencia?","¿Por qué una sociedad querría conservar y reproducir el rostro de sus líderes tras morir?"]}},"etiquetas":{"en":["death mask","portrait","bronze","sculpture","19th century","napoleon bonaparte","death","memory","realism","cast","historical figure","cleveland collection","face"],"es":["máscara mortuoria","retrato","bronce","escultura","siglo xix","napoleón bonaparte","muerte","memoria","realismo","molde","figura histórica","colección cleveland","rostro"]},"objetos":["máscara facial masculina","rostro con ojos cerrados","cuello truncado","fondo degradado"],"colores":["#3A2A1E","#6B4A2B","#8C6A3A","#B0B2B5","#1A1A1A"],"animo":["solemne","contemplativo","silencioso"],"epoca":"early 19th century","certeza":"media","advertencias":[],"capa":{"voces":[{"guia":"la restauradora","en":"I pause on the surface of this dark bronze that holds a face with eyes closed. I see warm highlights on the forehead and cheekbones from the soft frontal light, and deep shadows in the eye sockets and under the lower lip. I am drawn to the rough edges near the ears and the truncated neck with its mold ring, traces of the casting process. It is a sober sculpture, almost life-size, seeming to float against the gradient background. I think about how patina and polish preserve pores and fine wrinkles with respect.","es":"Me detengo en la superficie de este bronce oscuro que guarda un rostro con los ojos cerrados. Veo brillos cálidos en frente y pómulos por la luz frontal, y sombras profundas bajo el labio y en las cuencas. Me interesan los bordes rugosos junto a las orejas y el cuello truncado con su anillo de molde, huellas del vaciado. Es una escultura sobria, casi a escala natural, que parece flotar sobre el fondo degradado. Pienso en cómo la pátina y el pulido conservan poros y arrugas con respeto."},{"guia":"el astrónomo aficionado","en":"To me this mask is like an eclipsed moon suspended in darkness. The bald face in final repose floats at the center, lit as if a single light source reveals it in the void. Highlights on the nose and chin remind me of illuminated craters, and the deep shadows are starless nights. With no pedestal or ornament, it feels like a planet frozen in time. That solemnity makes me think about how we record a final moment so it endures.","es":"Para mí esta máscara es como una luna en eclipse suspendida en la oscuridad. El rostro calvo y en reposo definitivo flota al centro, iluminado como si una sola fuente de luz lo revelara en el vacío. Los brillos en nariz y barbilla me recuerdan cráteres iluminados, y las sombras profundas son noches sin estrellas. Sin pedestal ni ornamento, parece un planeta detenido en el tiempo. Esa solemnidad me hace pensar en cómo registramos un instante final para que permanezca."},{"guia":"la niña de ocho años","en":"It looks like the face of a bald man who is asleep with his eyes closed and his mouth a little open. It is made of dark brown metal that shines on the forehead and nose and looks very heavy. It floats in the middle against a gray background that turns black, with no base or decoration. I am curious to touch the thick edge of the neck where it ends. Even though he looks serious, I feel he is resting peacefully and everyone looks at him with great respect.","es":"Parece la cara de un señor calvo que está dormido con los ojos cerrados y la boca un poquito abierta. Está hecha de metal café oscuro que brilla en la frente y la nariz y se ve muy pesada. Flota en el medio sobre un fondo gris que se vuelve negro, sin base ni adornos. Me da curiosidad tocar el borde grueso del cuello donde termina. Aunque está serio, siento que está descansando tranquilo y que todos lo miran con mucho respeto."}],"retos":[{"pregunta":{"en":"What material is the mask floating at the center made of, with warm highlights on the forehead and nose?","es":"¿De qué material está hecha la máscara que ves flotando al centro, con brillos cálidos en la frente y la nariz?"},"pista":{"en":"It is a dark polished metal with brown and golden tones where the light hits.","es":"Es un metal oscuro y pulido con tonos café y dorados donde le da la luz."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"How many human faces can you count in this image with the gradient background?","es":"¿Cuántos rostros humanos puedes contar en esta imagen de fondo degradado?"},"pista":{"en":"Look at the vertical center, it is a single male face with closed eyes and a truncated neck.","es":"Mira al centro vertical, es un único rostro masculino con ojos cerrados y cuello truncado."}},{"pregunta":{"en":"How is the face positioned: in profile or front-facing with eyes closed?","es":"¿Cómo está colocado el rostro: de perfil o visto de frente con los ojos cerrados?"},"pista":{"en":"You see it fully, with the nose in the middle and both ears visible on the sides.","es":"Lo ves completo, con nariz al centro y ambas orejas visibles a los lados."}}],"conexiones":["bronce y vaciado","retrato y memoria","muerte y reposo","luz y sombra","escala natural","molde y copia","siglo xix","figura histórica"]},"salas":["ojos-que-nos-miran","barbas-y-bigotes"],"escrita_por":"muse-spark-open-1026"}